Virginia Nonprofit Financial Statement Audit and Review Requirements
One of the most common questions nonprofit leaders ask is: “Does my organization need an audit?” The answer in Virginia depends primarily on revenue thresholds, but also on grant requirements, funder expectations, and multi-state operations.
When Virginia Law Requires a Financial Review or Audit
Virginia law does not require every nonprofit to obtain audited or reviewed financial statements. However, revenue thresholds matter, particularly when applying for or maintaining certain state tax exemptions .
The Virginia thresholds are:
Under $750,000 in annual gross revenue: No state-mandated review or audit is required (though funders or grantors may still require one)
$750,000 or more in annual gross revenue: A financial review performed by an independent CPA is required
$1,500,000 or more in annual gross revenue: Virginia may require a full independent audit in lieu of a review
These revenue thresholds are based on gross annual revenue and apply to fiscal years beginning on or after October 1, 2024.
What Is a Financial Review vs. an Audit?
The difference between a review and an audit is significant in terms of both cost and the level of assurance provided .
Financial Review (also called a “review engagement”): An independent CPA performs analytical procedures (reviewing trends and ratios) and makes inquiries of management. The conclusion states that nothing came to the accountant’s attention suggesting the financial statements are materially misstated. A review provides limited assurance and is less expensive than an audit.
Financial Audit: An independent CPA performs detailed testing, confirms information with third parties (banks, customers, vendors), and assesses internal controls. The CPA issues an opinion stating whether the financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects, in conformity with GAAP. An audit provides reasonable assurance and is the highest level of financial scrutiny .
Why Nonprofits Must Care About These Thresholds
Failing to meet applicable financial reporting requirements can jeopardize a nonprofit’s compliance with Virginia tax exemption and charitable registration rules. Additionally, the Virginia sales tax exemption requires organizations to maintain administrative costs (salaries, fundraising, overhead) at no more than 40% of gross annual revenue. When gross annual revenue exceeds $750,000, the organization must undergo a financial statement review by an independent CPA to verify administrative costs remain under 40%.
For VDACS charitable solicitation registration, organizations have the option to submit either Form 990 or audited financial statements with their annual Form 102 registration materials. If the organization files Form 990-N, it must submit a Certified Treasurer’s Report (signed internal statements) from the previous tax year .
What an Audit Program Looks Like
The audit program will vary with the type of nonprofit, its volume of income, and the complexity of its operations. The audit team should develop a written plan for each account balance or class of transaction selected for examination . Below are three areas of emphasis to include in the audit program.
1. The Proper Authorization of Activities and Expenditures
The budget and the board of directors’ minutes are the usual source of verification of a nonprofit’s activities. Committee chairs are generally required to authorize any expenses from their budget funds. Employees often document their own timesheets and expense records, with a second party reviewing these documents each month . Additionally, the corporate charter and bylaws should be reviewed to determine that all activities comply, that the designated individuals are performing their proper functions, and that these functions are properly assigned to programs, management and fundraising .
2. Determination of the Physical Existence of Assets
Verification of bank balances and current bank signatures, an actual count of securities owned, and a count of merchandise are procedures that help the audit team determine the physical existence of assets. An examination of deeds and tax assessments is another procedure applicable when real property is owned by a nonprofit. Securing appraisals of donated property might be appropriate in the case of unusual donations. All of these records — such as monthly bank statements, brokerage statements, deeds and donation forms — should be available to the audit team .
3. Ascertaining That Returns and Reports Are Filed in a Timely Fashion
A nonprofit has the same obligation to file tax returns and corporate reports as a for-profit organization. Failure to comply with these requirements will expose the nonprofit to possible fines or penalties. The IRS has become especially harsh with any non-compliance with Form 990 filing dates . At its planning meeting, the audit team should prepare a list of these taxes and reports, including:
Payroll taxes, if wages are paid
Sales taxes and licenses
Annual corporate report, to be filed with the state
Form 990, Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax
Internal Controls for Nonprofit Cash Receipts
Proper internal controls are essential for maintaining audit readiness. The Virginia Society of CPAs recommends several controls for cash receipts :
Incoming mail should be opened and listed by persons other than those with access to cash receipts journals and accounts receivable records
Pre-numbered receipts should be given for contributions, gifts, etc.
Checks should be stamped “For Deposit Only” by the person opening the mail
The nonprofit board should authorize bank accounts and the signers of checks annually
Cash receipts should be entered in journals by persons other than those opening mail and listing receipts
Receipts of checks and cash should be deposited each day intact
Individuals handling cash should not make entries to the general ledger or subsidiary ledgers
A gift acceptance policy should be present, monitored for needed updates regularly, and reviewed to ensure it is being followed by those taking or receiving gifts on behalf of the organization
How Nova Tax & Accounting Can Help
At Nova Tax & Accounting Services , we provide independent audit and review services tailored specifically for nonprofit organizations and their unique reporting needs. Our team conducts financial statement audits, reviews, and compilations designed to meet the unique reporting requirements of nonprofit organizations. Schedule your free consultation today to discuss your organization’s audit needs.
